Hortonworks Data Platform Certified Developer: HDPCD

Correct Answer: F

Explanation: Combiners are used to increase the efficiency of a MapReduce program. They are used to aggregate intermediate map output locally on individual mapper outputs. Combiners can help you reduce the amount of data that needs to be transferred across to the reducers. You can use your reducer code as a combiner if the operation performed is commutative and associative.

Reference: 24 Interview Questions and Answers for Hadoop MapReduce developers, What are combiners? When should I use a combiner in my MapReduce Job?

Correct Answer: B

Correct Answer: E

Explanation: Speculative execution: One problem with the Hadoop system is that by dividing the tasks across many nodes, it is possible for a few slow nodes to rate-limit the rest of the program. For example if one node has a slow disk controller, then it may be reading its input at only 10% the speed of all the other nodes. So when 99 map tasks are already complete, the system is still waiting for the final map task to check in, which takes much longer than all the other nodes. By forcing tasks to run in isolation from one another, individual tasks do not know where their inputs come from. Tasks trust the Hadoop platform to just deliver the appropriate input. Therefore, the same input can be processed multiple times in parallel, to exploit differences in machine capabilities. As most of the tasks in a job are coming to a close, the Hadoop platform will schedule redundant copies of the remaining tasks across several nodes which do not have other work to perform. This process is known as speculative execution. When tasks complete, they announce this fact to the JobTracker. Whichever copy of a task finishes first becomes the definitive copy. If other copies were executing speculatively, Hadoop tells the TaskTrackers to abandon the tasks and discard their outputs. The Reducers then receive their inputs from whichever Mapper completed successfully, first.

Reference: Apache Hadoop, Module 4: MapReduce

Note:

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Hadoop uses "speculative execution." The same task may be started on multiple boxes. The first one to finish wins, and the other copies are killed.

Failed tasks are tasks that error out.

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There are a few reasons Hadoop can kill tasks by his own decisions:

a) Task does not report progress during timeout (default is 10 minutes)

b) FairScheduler or CapacityScheduler needs the slot for some other pool (FairScheduler) or queue (CapacityScheduler).

c) Speculative execution causes results of task not to be needed since it has completed on other place.

Reference: Difference failed tasks vs killed tasks