A chess tournament is occurring in the local community school, and the players at all four of the tables are

engaged in their fourth game against their prospective opponents.

The players with white pieces are: David, Gerry, Lenny and Terry

The players with black pieces are: Don, Mike, Richie and Stephen

The scores are 3:0, 2.5:0.5, 2:1, 1.5:1.5

[note: tied games result in a score of 0.5 points for each player]

Lenny is playing at the table to the right of Stephen, who has lost all of his games until now.

Gerry is playing against Mike.

At least one game at table 1 has resulted in a tie.

Richie, who is not in the lead over his opponent, has not been in a tied game.

The player who is using the white pieces at table 4 is Terry, however, the current score at table 4 is not

2:1.

Don is leading his match after his last three games.

A.

Mike

B.

David

C.

Richie

D.

Don

E.

Terry

Which player has black pieces and is tied?

In Debbie's magic act, a volunteer supposedly selects a card in a random fashion, looks at it without showing it to her, and replaces it in the deck. After several shuffles, Debbie cuts the deck and supposedly reveals the same selected card. A skeptic conducted three trials. In the first, Debbie was videotaped, and no sleight of hand was found. In the second, the skeptic instead supplied a standard deck of cards. For the third trial, the skeptic selected the card. Each time, Debbie apparently revealed the selected card. The skeptic concluded that Debbie uses neither sleight of hand, nor a trick deck, nor a planted "volunteer" to achieve her effect.

Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the skeptic's reasoning?

A. The skeptic failed to consider the possibility that Debbie did not always use the same method to achieve her effect.

B. The skeptic failed to consider the possibility that sleight of hand could also be detected by some means other than videotaping.

C. The skeptic failed to consider the possibility that Debbie requires both sleight of hand and a trick deck to achieve her effect.

D. The skeptic failed to consider the possibility that Debbie used something other than sleight of hand, a trick deck, or a planted "volunteer" to achieve her effect.

E. The skeptic failed to consider the possibility that Debbie's success in the three trials was something other than a coincidence

A college dean will present seven awards for outstanding language research. The awards -- one for

French, one for German, one for Hebrew, one for Japanese, one for Korean, one for Latin, and one for

Swahili -- must be presented consecutively, one at a time, in conformity with the following constraints:

The German award is not presented first.

The Hebrew award is presented at some time before the Korean award is presented.

The Latin award is presented at some time before the Japanese award is presented.

The French award is presented either immediately before or immediately after the Hebrew award is

presented.

The Korean award is presented either immediately before or immediately after the Latin award is

presented.

Which one of the following must be true?

A. The French award is presented at some time before the Japanese award is presented.

B. The French award is presented at some time before the Swahili award is presented.

C. The German award is presented at some time before the Korean award is presented.

D. The German award is presented at some time before the Swahili award is presented.

E. The Swahili award is presented at some time before the Hebrew award is presented

Sometimes when their trainer gives the hand signal for "Do something creative together," two dolphins circle a pool in tandem and then leap through the air simultaneously. On other occasions the same signal elicits synchronized backward swims or tail-waving. These behaviors are not simply learned responses to a given stimulus. Rather, dolphins are capable of higher cognitive functions that may include the use of language and forethought.

Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A. Mammals have some resemblance to one another with respect to bodily function and brain structure.

B. The dolphins often exhibit complex new responses to the hand signal.

C. The dolphins are given food incentives as part of their training.

D. Dolphins do not interact with humans the way they interact with one another.

E. Some of the behaviors mentioned are exhibited by dolphins in their natural habitat.

Some types of organisms originated through endosymbiosis, the engulfing of one organism by another so that a part of the former becomes a functioning part of the latter. An unusual nucteomorph, a structure that contains DNA and resembles a cell nucleus, has been discovered within a plant known as a chlorarachniophyte. Two versions of a particular gene have been found in the DNA of this nucleomorph, and one would expect to find only a single version of this gene if the nucleomorph were not the remains of an engulfed organism's nucleus.

Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above?

A. Only organisms of types that originated through endosymbiosis contain nucleomorphs.

B. A nucleomorph within the chlorarachniophyte holds all of the genetic material of some other organism.

C. Nucleomorphs originated when an organism endosymbiotically engulfed a chtorarachniophyte.

D. Two organisms will not undergo endosymbiosisunless at least one of them contains a nucleomorph.

E. Chlorarachniophytes emerged as the result of two organisms having undergone endosymbiosis.

Conflict had existed between Spain and England since the 1570s. England wanted a share of the wealth that Spain had been taking from the lands it had claimed in the Americas. Elizabeth I, Queen of England, encouraged her staunch admiral of the navy, Sir Francis Drake, to raid Spanish ships and towns. Though these raids were on a small scale, Drake achieved dramatic success, adding gold and silver to England's treasury and diminishing Spain's omnipotence. Religious differences also caused conflict between the two countries. Whereas Spain was Roman Catholic, most of England had become Protestant. King Philip II of Spain wanted to claim the throne and make England a Catholic country again. To satisfy his ambition and also to retaliate against England's theft of his gold and silver, King Philip began to build his fleet of warships, the Armada, in January 1586. Philip intended his fleet to be indestructible. In addition to building new warships, he marshaled one hundred and thirty sailing vessels of all types and recruited more than nineteen thousand robust soldiers and eight thousand sailors. Although some of his ships lacked guns and others lacked ammunition, Philip was convinced that his Armada could withstand any battle with England.

The martial Armada set sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on May 9,1588, but bad weather forced it back to port. The voyage resumed on July 22 after the weather became more stable. The Spanish fleet met the smaller, faster, and more maneuverable English ships in battle off the coast of Plymouth, England, first on July 31 and again on August 2. The two battles left Spain vulnerable, having lost several ships and with its ammunition depleted. On August 7, while the Armada lay at anchor on the French side of the Strait of Dover, England sent eight burning ships into the midst of the Spanish fleet to set it on fire. Blocked on one side, the Spanish ships could only drift away, their crews in panic and disorder. Before the Armada could regroup, the English attacked again on August 8. Although the Spaniards made a valiant effort to fight back, the fleet suffered extensive damage. During the eight hours of battle, the Armada drifted perilously close to the rocky coastline. At the moment when it seemed that the Spanish ships would be driven onto the English shore, the wind shifted, and the Armada drifted out into the North Sea. The Spaniards recognized the superiority of the English fleet and returned home, defeated.

Sir Francis Drake added wealth to the treasury and diminished Spain's __________.

A. unlimited power

B. unrestricted growth

C. territory

D. treaties

E. answer not available in article

Tragic dramas written in Greece during the fifth century B.C. engender considerable scholarly debate over the relative influence of individual autonomy and the power of the gods on the drama's action. One early scholar, B. Snell, argues that Aeschylus, for example, develops in his tragedies a concept of the autonomy of the individual. In these dramas, the protagonists invariably confront a situation that paralyzes them, so that their prior notions about how to behave or think are dissolved. Faced with a decision on which their fate depends, they must reexamine their deepest motives, and then act with determination. They are given only two alternatives, each with grave consequences, and they make their decision only after a tortured internal debate. According to Snell, this decision is "free" and "personal" and such personal autonomy constitutes the central theme in Aeschylean drama, as if the plays were devised to isolate an abstract model of human action. Drawing psychological conclusions from this interpretation, another scholar, Z. Barbu, suggests that "[Aeschylean] drama is proof of the emergence within ancient Greek civilization of the individual as a free agent." To A. Rivier, Snell's emphasis on the decision made by the protagonist, with its implicit notions of autonomy and responsibility, misrepresents the role of the superhuman forces at work, forces that give the dramas their truly tragic dimension. These forces are not only external to the protagonist; they are also experienced by the protagonist as an internal compulsion, subjecting him or her to constraint, even in what are claimed to be his or her "choices." Hence all that the deliberation does is to make the protagonist aware of the impasse, rather than motivating one choice over another. It is finally a necessity imposed by the deities that generates the decision, so that at a particular moment in the drama necessity dictates a path. Thus, the protagonist does not so much "choose" between two possibilities as "recognize" that there is only one real option. Lesky, in his discussion of Aeschylus' play Agamemnon, disputes both views. Agamemnon, ruler of Argos, must decide whether to brutally sacrifice his own daughter. A message from the deity Artemis has told him that only the sacrifice will bring a wind to blow his ships to an important battle. Agamemnon is indeed constrained by a divine necessity. But he also deeply desires a victorious battle: "If this sacrifice will lose the winds, it is permitted to desire it fervently," he says. The violence of his passion suggests that Agamemnon chooses a path ?chosen by the gods for their own reasons ?on the basis of desires that must be condemned by us, because they are his own. In Lesky's view, tragic action is bound by the constant tension between a self and superhuman forces.

Which one of the following statements best expresses Rivier's view, as presented in the passage, of what makes a drama tragic?

A. The tragic protagonist is deluded by the gods into thinking he or she is free.

B. The tragic protagonist struggles for a heroism that belongs to the gods.

C. The tragic protagonist wrongly seeks to take responsibility for his or her actions.

D. The tragic protagonist cannot make a decision that is free of divine compulsion.

E. The tragic protagonist is punished for evading his or her responsibilities.

A pesticide producing company states that their unused pesticide that is dumped does not pose a threat to the aquatic life in the surrounding area. If this is correct, then why have local fish been dying in this region? Due to the fact that the pesticide company is not located in a highly fish populated area, they implicitly admit that the pesticides they produce are relatively dangerous to the nearby aquatic life.

Of the following statements listed below, which one would be most likely to weaken the argument of the author if it were true?

A. The possibility of pesticides filtering into the local water region was underestimated in the past.

B. Funds for environmental company clean-up, which concern waste dumps that are poorly run, are reserved for rural regions only.

C. It would be pointless to locate chemical dumps where they would be most harmful, unless they can be 100% proven safe.

D. Dumps that are located in areas without large fish populations have fewer government interventions and are also less expensive.

E. City people are most probable to sue the company if the dumps cause them health problems.

Jane works at a fashion design company, and is having problems getting dressed for work.

She refuses to wear any color combination that does not go well together as many of her clients may look down upon this. She has two pairs of skirts, brown and blue; three blouses, white, sky blue, and gray; four pairs of stockings, red, black, brown, and blue; and two pairs of shoes, black and brown. The blue skirt cannot be worn with red or brown stockings. Gray does not go well with brown. Black does not go well with brown.

If Jane wears a brown skirt and a white blouse, she could:

A. not wear blue stockings.

B. not wear brown shoes.

C. not wear black shoes.

D. wear blue stockings.

E. wear red stockings.

Seven friends, Abe, Bob, Chad, Dolly, Elisa, Frank, and Gregory sit in a VIP enclosure of a stadium to watch a football match. The seats in the enclosure form a 3 x 3 matrix, i.e. 3 rows (front, middle and last) with 3 seats in each row. The following information is known: Chad sits immediately beside Dolly Dolly sits in a row immediately behind the row in which Abe is sitting There is no one sitting on one side of Chad None of Elisa or Gregory sits immediately beside Abe Bob sits in the last row

Who sits in the middle seat of the middle row?

A. Chad

B. Dolly

C. Either Chad or Dolly

D. Any among Chad, Dolly or Elisa

E. The seat is vacant